This literary critic warned: “We must remember that the greater part of our current reading matter is written for us by people who have no real belief in a supernatural order . . . And the greater part . . . is coming to be written by people who not only have no such belief, but are even ignorant of the fact that there are still people in the world so ’backward’ or so ’eccentric’ as to continue to believe.” ?

Detractors argue that such an approach can be too “judgmental.” Some believe literature should be judged primarily (if not solely) on its artistic merits. What approach possess this disadvantage ?

A. Psychological

B. Formalism/New Criticism

C. Moral/Philosophical

D. Historical/Biographical

Modern literary theory began with the work of which theorist ?

A. Ferdinand de Saussure

B. Viktor Shklovsky

C. Roland Barthes

D. Michel Foucault

One archetype in literature is the scapegoat. Which of these literary characters serves that purpose ?

A. Billy Budd

B. Hamlet

C. Captain Ahab

D. Ophelia

How does New Historicism differ from traditional historicism ?

A. New Historicism rejects the idea that history is neutral.

B. New Historicism does not make strict delineations between literary and non-literary texts.

C. New Historicism takes a particular interest in marginalized peoples.

D. All of the above answers are correct.

Plato used the word mimesis in relation to literature with the meaning ?

A. Copying

B. Criticism of life

C. Representation

D. Interpretation