What approach is described by the paragraph? Users of this approach believe that all information essential to the interpretation of a work must be found within the work itself; there is no need to bring in outside information about the history, politics, or society of the time, or about the author’s life ?

Detractors argue that such an approach can be too “judgmental.” Some believe literature should be judged primarily (if not solely) on its artistic merits. What approach possess this disadvantage ?

A. Psychological

B. Formalism/New Criticism

C. Moral/Philosophical

D. Historical/Biographical

Modern literary theory began with the work of which theorist ?

A. Ferdinand de Saussure

B. Viktor Shklovsky

C. Roland Barthes

D. Michel Foucault

One archetype in literature is the scapegoat. Which of these literary characters serves that purpose ?

A. Billy Budd

B. Hamlet

C. Captain Ahab

D. Ophelia

How does New Historicism differ from traditional historicism ?

A. New Historicism rejects the idea that history is neutral.

B. New Historicism does not make strict delineations between literary and non-literary texts.

C. New Historicism takes a particular interest in marginalized peoples.

D. All of the above answers are correct.

Plato used the word mimesis in relation to literature with the meaning ?

A. Copying

B. Criticism of life

C. Representation

D. Interpretation